NEW YORK CITY – In 1910, two men set out to be the first to reach the South Pole in a race that would be both heroic and tragic. The men had different reasons for their journeys, took different routes and made different decisions that would ultimately seal their respective fates, and those of their teams.
The American Museum of Natural History delves into this storied event to bring visitors as close as possible to this historic event and the people involved in their new exhibit, "Race to the End of the Earth," starting May 29. Artifacts, photographs, replicas and models give life to the two rivals and their treacherous 1,800-mile marches to the center of Antarctica.
Robert Falcon Scott set off from Wales on July 15, 1910 on what was originally intended to be a primarily scientific expedition, but which quickly morphed into a quest to make history on behalf of the British Empire.
Meanwhile, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, whose plan to reach the North Pole first had been thwarted by both Frederik Cook and Robert Peary, had secretly turned his sights on the South Pole. He left Oslo in June 3, 1910 with the intent of beating Scott to his goal.
In October, while docked in Melbourne, Australia, Scott received a telegram from Amundsen informing him simply that he was "proceeding to Antarctic." The race was on.
Scott's party carried on its plans to do scientific research on Antarctica, completing several geological expeditions and one arduous winter trek to collect Emperor Penguin eggs. On Oct. 24, 1911, the team began heading to the pole. In early January, Scott and four others left the rest of the group to make the final push. But when they reached the pole on Jan. 17, their celebration was ruined by the black flags Amundsen and his team had placed there about five weeks earlier.
The worst was yet to come for Scott, however. None of the the team of five that reached the pole would survive the return trip, succumbing to exceedingly harsh conditions they encountered on the way. But though he lost the race and his life, he won the hearts of his countrymen and inspired many throughout the world. Amundsen's accomplishment was tarnished by the perception that he had ruthlessly taken from Scott what was rightfully his and for which the English expedition paid the ultimate price.
Biologist Ross MacPhee, who curated the museum's exhibit, wrote in his beautifully written and illustrated accompanying book Race to the End, "Amundsen may have won the race, but the ensuing war of perception concerning who was the greater explorer continues to this day – was it Amundsen, the machinelike competitor who had but one goal in mind, or Scott, for whom scientific exploration was just as important as standing, for one brief moment, at 90 degrees S?"
Wired.com visited the "Race to the End of the Earth" exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History earlier this month as it was nearing completion. This gallery contains photos from this visit, images from earlier stages of the exhibit construction and historical photos of expeditions.
Scott's Sledge
Sledges (above) were crucial – they carried the men’s food, fuel, clothing and sleeping bags. Unlike Amundsen, who used dogs exclusively, Scott’s exploration and scientific teams usually man-hauled their heavily laden sledges, often over great distances. –AMNH
Image: AMNH/C. Chesek.
Scott's Hut
Above, Robert Falcon Scott, known as "Con," writes in his journal in 1911 in the pre-fabricated wooden hut his team assembled at the base camp in Cape Evans, Antarctica. The hut's single room included bunks, scientific labs, dining tables, a kitchen, a darkroom and even a player piano. In the images below, the American Museum of Natural History painstakingly built a life-size replica of Scott's hut for the "Race to the End of the Earth" exhibit, including tracking down the same books, hanging photos on the wall and making replicas of antique objects in the hut.
Images: 1) AMNH Library. 2-3) Jon Snyder/Wired.com.
Amundsen's Underground Workroom
During the winter, Amundsen’s men dug an extensive network of tunnels and rooms under the snow, including a bathroom and even a sauna. This life-size re-creation shows an underground workroom in which his crew was able to work on their expedition gear away from the extreme wind and cold outside. –AMNH
Images: 1) Jonathan Snyder/Wired.com. 2) AMNH Library.
Leopard Seal
This large, solitary hunter is at the top of the Antarctic food chain. In summer these seals feed on penguins and other seals; in winter they rely on fish and krill, which they collect by straining mouthfuls of water through their molars. Like those of other large predators, leopard seal populations are relatively low. To find one another for mating, both males and females sing. The underwater songs of the seals are so loud and strong they are audible above the water and can even make the ice vibrate. – AMNH
Images: 1) Jonathan Snyder/Wired.com. 2-4) Rod Mickens/AMNH.
Emperor Penguins
This diorama features “the worst journey in the world,” Apsley Cherry-Garrard’s evocative name for the dangerous five-week expedition he undertook with Dr. Edward Wilson and Birdie Bowers in the heart of the austral winter of 1911. Their sole purpose was to collect eggs of the largest of all penguin species alive today, the emperor penguin, for scientific study and analysis. – AMNH
Images: 1) Jonathan Snyder/Wired.com. 2-4) Rod Mickens/AMNH.
The Rivals
Roald Amundsen (left) and Robert F. Scott (right) on skis in Antarctica during their expeditions to the South Pole.
Images: AMNH Library
Scott's Heartbreak
Scott's team could see the black flags planted a month earlier the day before they actually reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912. The men left the desolate pole the next day, but didn't survive the return trip to their camp.
Above: Expedition members Edward A. Wilson, Robert F. Scott, Edgar Evans, Lawrence Oates, and Henry Robertson Bowers in front of Roald Amundsen’s ”Polheim” tent. Below: Capt. L. E.G. Oates, Lt. H. R. Bowers, Capt. Robert Falcon Scott, Dr. E. A. Wilson, and Chief Petty Officer Taff Evans.
Images: AMNH Library
See Also:
- Antarctic Ice-Core Research Requires Logistical High-Wire Act
- Report From Antarctica: Countries Maneuver for Potential Future
- Report From Antarctica: Heaps of Trash or Historical Treasures
- Report From Antarctica: Geoengineering the High Seas
- For the Best Stargazing on Earth, Send Robots to Antarctica
- Balloon Circles Antarctica in Antimatter Hunt
- Behind the Scenes at Harvard's Museum of Natural History
- The Extreme Mammal Hall of Fame
