1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100% of the electorate |
Total vote | Democrat | 36 | 50 | 41 | 40 | 45 | 43 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 53 |
Republican | 61 | 48 | 51 | 59 | 53 | 38 | 41 | 48 | 51 | 46 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 19 | 8 | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
47% of the electorate |
Men | Democrat | 36 | 50 | 36 | 37 | 41 | 41 | 43 | 42 | 44 | 49 |
Republican | 62 | 48 | 55 | 62 | 57 | 38 | 44 | 53 | 55 | 48 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 21 | 10 | 3 | - | - | ||
53 | Women | Democrat | 37 | 50 | 45 | 44 | 49 | 45 | 54 | 54 | 51 | 56 |
Republican | 61 | 48 | 47 | 56 | 50 | 37 | 38 | 43 | 48 | 43 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 17 | 7 | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
74% of the electorate |
White | Democrat | 31 | 47 | 36 | 35 | 40 | 39 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 43 |
Republican | 67 | 52 | 56 | 64 | 59 | 40 | 46 | 54 | 58 | 55 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 20 | 9 | 3 | - | - | ||
13 | Black | Democrat | 82 | 83 | 85 | 90 | 86 | 83 | 84 | 90 | 88 | 95 |
Republican | 18 | 16 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 4 | ||
Independent | - | - | 3 | - | - | 7 | 4 | 1 | - | - | ||
9 | Hispanic | Democrat | 63 | - | 56 | 62 | 69 | 61 | 72 | 62 | 53 | 67 |
Republican | 35 | - | 35 | 37 | 30 | 25 | 21 | 35 | 44 | 31 | ||
Independent | - | - | 8 | - | - | 14 | 6 | 2 | - | - | ||
2 | Asian | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | 31 | 43 | 54 | 56 | 62 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | 48 | 41 | 44 | 35 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 8 | 4 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18% of the electorate |
18-29 years old | Democrat | 46 | 51 | 44 | 40 | 47 | 43 | 53 | 48 | 54 | 66 |
Republican | 52 | 47 | 43 | 59 | 52 | 34 | 34 | 46 | 45 | 32 | ||
Independent | - | - | 11 | - | - | 22 | 10 | 5 | - | - | ||
29 | 30-44 years old | Democrat | 33 | 49 | 36 | 42 | 45 | 41 | 48 | 48 | 46 | 52 |
Republican | 64 | 49 | 55 | 57 | 54 | 38 | 41 | 49 | 53 | 46 | ||
Independent | - | - | 8 | - | - | 21 | 9 | 2 | - | - | ||
30 | 45-59 years old | Democrat | 33 | 47 | 39 | 40 | 42 | 41 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 |
Republican | 64 | 52 | 55 | 60 | 57 | 40 | 41 | 49 | 51 | 49 | ||
Independent | - | - | 5 | - | - | 19 | 9 | 2 | - | - | ||
23 | 60 and older | Democrat | 31 | 47 | 41 | 39 | 49 | 50 | 48 | 51 | 46 | 47 |
Republican | 68 | 52 | 54 | 60 | 50 | 38 | 44 | 47 | 54 | 51 | ||
Independent | - | - | 4 | - | - | 12 | 7 | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22% of the electorate |
Liberals | Democrat | - | 71 | 60 | 70 | 81 | 68 | 78 | 80 | 85 | 89 |
Republican | - | 26 | 25 | 28 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 10 | ||
Independent | - | - | 11 | - | - | 18 | 7 | 6 | - | - | ||
44 | Moderates | Democrat | - | 51 | 42 | 47 | 50 | 47 | 57 | 52 | 54 | 60 |
Republican | - | 48 | 49 | 53 | 49 | 31 | 33 | 44 | 45 | 39 | ||
Independent | - | - | 8 | - | - | 21 | 9 | 2 | - | - | ||
34 | Conservatives | Democrat | - | 29 | 23 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 20 |
Republican | - | 70 | 73 | 82 | 80 | 64 | 71 | 81 | 84 | 78 | ||
Independent | - | - | 4 | - | - | 18 | 8 | 1 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21% of the electorate |
Northeast | Democrat | 39 | 51 | 42 | 47 | 49 | 47 | 55 | 56 | 55 | 59 |
Republican | 59 | 47 | 47 | 53 | 50 | 35 | 34 | 39 | 43 | 40 | ||
Independent | - | - | 9 | - | - | 18 | 9 | 3 | - | - | ||
24 | Midwest | Democrat | 39 | 48 | 41 | 41 | 47 | 42 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 54 |
Republican | 59 | 50 | 51 | 58 | 52 | 37 | 41 | 49 | 51 | 44 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 21 | 10 | 2 | - | - | ||
32 | South | Democrat | 29 | 54 | 44 | 36 | 41 | 41 | 46 | 43 | 42 | 45 |
Republican | 70 | 45 | 52 | 64 | 58 | 43 | 46 | 55 | 58 | 54 | ||
Independent | - | - | 3 | - | - | 16 | 7 | 1 | - | - | ||
23 | West | Democrat | 40 | 46 | 34 | 38 | 46 | 43 | 48 | 48 | 50 | 57 |
Republican | 57 | 51 | 53 | 61 | 52 | 34 | 40 | 46 | 49 | 40 | ||
Independent | - | - | 10 | - | - | 23 | 8 | 4 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4% of the electorate |
Not a high school graduate | Democrat | - | - | 51 | 50 | 56 | 54 | 59 | 59 | 50 | 63 |
Republican | - | - | 46 | 50 | 43 | 28 | 28 | 39 | 49 | 35 | ||
Independent | - | - | 2 | - | - | 18 | 11 | 1 | - | - | ||
20 | High school graduate | Democrat | - | - | 43 | 39 | 49 | 43 | 51 | 48 | 47 | 52 |
Republican | - | - | 51 | 60 | 50 | 36 | 35 | 49 | 52 | 46 | ||
Independent | - | - | 4 | - | - | 21 | 13 | 1 | - | - | ||
31 | Some college education | Democrat | - | - | 35 | 38 | 42 | 41 | 48 | 45 | 46 | 51 |
Republican | - | - | 55 | 61 | 57 | 37 | 40 | 51 | 54 | 47 | ||
Independent | - | - | 8 | - | - | 21 | 10 | 3 | - | - | ||
28 | College graduate | Democrat | - | - | - | - | 37 | 39 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 50 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | 62 | 41 | 46 | 51 | 52 | 48 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 20 | 8 | 3 | - | - | ||
17 | Post graduate education | Democrat | - | - | - | - | 48 | 50 | 52 | 52 | 55 | 58 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | 50 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 44 | 40 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 14 | 5 | 3 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
42% of the electorate |
White Protestants | Democrat | 22 | 41 | 31 | 27 | 33 | 33 | 36 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
Republican | 76 | 58 | 63 | 72 | 66 | 47 | 53 | 63 | 67 | 65 | ||
Independent | - | - | 6 | - | - | 21 | 10 | 2 | - | - | ||
19 | White Catholics | Democrat | 42 | 52 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 48 | 45 | 43 | 47 |
Republican | 57 | 46 | 51 | 57 | 56 | 37 | 41 | 52 | 56 | 52 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 22 | 10 | 2 | - | - | ||
2 | Jewish | Democrat | 64 | 64 | 45 | 67 | 64 | 80 | 78 | 79 | 74 | 78 |
Republican | 34 | 34 | 39 | 31 | 35 | 11 | 16 | 19 | 25 | 21 | ||
Independent | - | - | 15 | - | - | 9 | 3 | 1 | - | - | ||
38 | Born-again or evangelical Christians | Democrat | - | - | 40 | 30 | 24 | 31 | - | - | 34 | 41 |
Republican | - | - | 56 | 69 | 74 | 56 | - | - | 65 | 57 | ||
Independent | - | - | 3 | - | - | 14 | - | - | - | - | ||
40 | Attend religious services at least once a week | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | 36 | - | 39 | 38 | 43 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | 48 | - | 59 | 60 | 55 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | - | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6% of the electorate |
Under $15,000 | Democrat | - | - | 49 | - | - | 58 | 59 | 57 | 63 | 73 |
Republican | - | - | 43 | - | - | 23 | 28 | 37 | 36 | 25 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 19 | 11 | 4 | - | - | ||
12 | $15,000-$29,999 | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | 45 | 53 | 54 | 57 | 60 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | 35 | 36 | 41 | 42 | 37 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 20 | 9 | 3 | - | - | ||
19 | $30,000-$49,999 | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | 41 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 55 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | 38 | 40 | 48 | 49 | 43 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 21 | 10 | 2 | - | - | ||
21 | $50,000-$74,999 | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | 40 | 47 | 46 | 43 | 48 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | 41 | 45 | 51 | 56 | 49 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 18 | 7 | 2 | - | - | ||
15 | $75,000-$99,999 | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | - | 44 | 45 | 45 | 51 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | - | 48 | 52 | 55 | 48 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7 | 2 | - | - | ||
6 | $200,000 and over | Democrat | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 35 | 52 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63 | 46 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
26 | $100,000 and over | Democrat | - | - | - | - | 32 | - | 38 | 43 | 41 | 49 |
Republican | - | - | - | - | 65 | - | 54 | 54 | 58 | 49 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24% of the electorate |
Better today | Democrat | - | 30 | - | - | - | 24 | 66 | 61 | 19 | 37 |
Republican | - | 70 | - | - | - | 61 | 26 | 36 | 80 | 60 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 14 | 6 | 2 | - | - | ||
34 | Same today | Democrat | - | 51 | - | - | - | 41 | 46 | 35 | 50 | 45 |
Republican | - | 49 | - | - | - | 42 | 45 | 60 | 49 | 53 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 17 | 8 | 3 | - | - | ||
42 | Worse today | Democrat | - | 77 | - | - | - | 60 | 27 | 33 | 79 | 71 |
Republican | - | 23 | - | - | - | 14 | 57 | 63 | 20 | 28 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 25 | 13 | 4 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11% of the electorate |
Population over 500,000 | Democrat | 56 | - | - | 63 | 62 | 58 | 68 | 71 | 60 | 70 |
Republican | 43 | - | - | 35 | 37 | 28 | 25 | 26 | 39 | 28 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | 6 | 3 | - | - | ||
19 | Population 50,000 to 500,000 | Democrat | 40 | - | - | 46 | 52 | 50 | 50 | 57 | 49 | 59 |
Republican | 58 | - | - | 53 | 47 | 33 | 39 | 40 | 49 | 39 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 16 | 8 | 2 | - | - | ||
49 | Suburbs | Democrat | 33 | - | 35 | 38 | 42 | 41 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 50 |
Republican | 65 | - | 55 | 61 | 57 | 39 | 42 | 49 | 52 | 48 | ||
Independent | - | - | 9 | - | - | 21 | 8 | 3 | - | - | ||
7 | Population 10,000 to 50,000 | Democrat | 40 | - | - | - | 38 | 39 | 48 | 38 | 48 | 45 |
Republican | 57 | - | - | - | 61 | 42 | 41 | 59 | 50 | 53 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 20 | 9 | 2 | - | - | ||
14 | Rural areas | Democrat | 30 | - | 39 | - | 44 | 39 | 44 | 37 | 39 | 45 |
Republican | 68 | - | 55 | - | 55 | 40 | 46 | 59 | 59 | 53 | ||
Independent | - | - | 5 | - | - | 20 | 10 | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11% of the electorate |
First time voters | Democrat | - | - | - | 38 | 47 | 46 | 54 | 52 | 53 | 69 |
Republican | - | - | - | 61 | 51 | 32 | 34 | 43 | 45 | 30 | ||
Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 22 | 11 | 4 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
37% of the electorate |
For the Democratic candidate | Democrat | 78 | 73 | 63 | 82 | 92 | 83 | 85 | 82 | 90 | 89 |
Republican | 21 | 26 | 29 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 10 | 9 | ||
Independent | - | - | 6 | - | - | 12 | 4 | 2 | - | - | ||
46 | For the Republican candidate | Democrat | 9 | 18 | 11 | 11 | 19 | 21 | 13 | 7 | 9 | 17 |
Republican | 90 | 79 | 83 | 88 | 80 | 59 | 82 | 91 | 90 | 82 | ||
Independent | - | - | 6 | - | - | 20 | 4 | 1 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11% of the electorate |
Whites, 18-29 years old | Democrat | 41 | 48 | 38 | 31 | 39 | 38 | 45 | 39 | 44 | 54 |
Republican | 57 | 50 | 48 | 68 | 60 | 38 | 41 | 55 | 55 | 44 | ||
Independent | - | - | 12 | - | - | 24 | 11 | 5 | - | - | ||
20 | Whites, 30-44 years old | Democrat | 26 | 45 | 31 | 36 | 39 | 36 | 41 | 41 | 37 | 41 |
Republican | 71 | 53 | 59 | 63 | 60 | 41 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 57 | ||
Independent | - | - | 8 | - | - | 23 | 10 | 2 | - | - | ||
23 | Whites, 45-59 years old | Democrat | 29 | 44 | 34 | 34 | 36 | 37 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
Republican | 69 | 55 | 59 | 65 | 63 | 42 | 46 | 54 | 57 | 56 | ||
Independent | - | - | 5 | - | - | 21 | 9 | 2 | - | - | ||
19 | Whites, 60 and older | Democrat | 26 | 45 | 39 | 37 | 45 | 47 | 45 | 46 | 42 | 41 |
Republican | 72 | 54 | 56 | 63 | 54 | 40 | 47 | 52 | 58 | 57 | ||
Independent | - | - | 4 | - | - | 13 | 7 | 2 | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
36% of the electorate |
White men | Democrat | 31 | 47 | 32 | 32 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 36 | 37 | 41 |
Republican | 66 | 51 | 59 | 67 | 63 | 40 | 49 | 60 | 62 | 57 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 22 | 11 | 3 | - | - | ||
39 | White women | Democrat | 31 | 46 | 39 | 38 | 43 | 41 | 48 | 48 | 44 | 46 |
Republican | 68 | 52 | 52 | 62 | 56 | 41 | 43 | 49 | 55 | 53 | ||
Independent | - | - | 8 | - | - | 19 | 8 | 2 | - | - | ||
5 | Black men | Democrat | 77 | 80 | 82 | 85 | 81 | 78 | 78 | 85 | 86 | 95 |
Republican | 23 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 5 | ||
Independent | - | - | 3 | - | - | 9 | 5 | 1 | - | - | ||
7 | Black women | Democrat | 86 | 86 | 88 | 93 | 90 | 87 | 89 | 94 | 90 | 96 |
Republican | 14 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 3 | ||
Independent | - | - | 3 | - | - | 5 | 2 | - | - | - |
1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16% of the electorate |
Whites in the Northeast | Democrat | 34 | 49 | 38 | 42 | 45 | 44 | 51 | 52 | 50 | 52 |
Republican | 65 | 50 | 52 | 57 | 54 | 36 | 37 | 44 | 49 | 46 | ||
Independent | - | - | 10 | - | - | 19 | 10 | 4 | - | - | ||
20 | Whites in the Midwest | Democrat | 32 | 46 | 37 | 35 | 42 | 40 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 47 |
Republican | 65 | 52 | 55 | 64 | 57 | 39 | 43 | 53 | 56 | 51 | ||
Independent | - | - | 7 | - | - | 22 | 10 | 2 | - | - | ||
22 | Whites in the South | Democrat | 23 | 47 | 35 | 28 | 32 | 34 | 36 | 31 | 29 | 30 |
Republican | 76 | 52 | 61 | 71 | 67 | 49 | 56 | 66 | 70 | 68 | ||
Independent | - | - | 3 | - | - | 18 | 8 | 1 | - | - | ||
16 | Whites in the West | Democrat | 36 | 44 | 32 | 33 | 41 | 39 | 43 | 43 | 45 | 49 |
Republican | 60 | 54 | 55 | 66 | 58 | 37 | 44 | 51 | 54 | 48 | ||
Independent | - | - | 10 | - | - | 24 | 9 | 4 | - | - |