Deeper Levels of Occupant Engagement to Ensure Energy Savings and Productivity/Health Improvements
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Presentation at the 8/26/2015 Kansas City Energy Summit: From Benchmarking to Retrofits. The productivity/health benefits resulting from sustainable improvements to facilities and their operations typically outweigh the associated building operational savings, often substantially. Research has also demonstrated a correlation between energy/operational performance and productivity/health – improving one often improves the other. All else being equal, when a high performance facility’s design and operations is aligned with occupant needs, it’s more likely to have comfortable, satisfied and healthy occupants. Such occupants are more likely to embrace sustainable building and policy improvements, and less likely to act in their own interest to meet their needs at the expense of building operations. But true alignment of design, operations and/or behavior based programs (including specific energy conservation measures) with occupant needs and behaviors requires a deeper level of occupant engagement than we often see. The presenter, referencing case studies, will discuss the what and how of specific occupant engagement methods (from surveys to participant observation) that can be performed as part of the benchmarking process to help ensure any improvements made are best aligned with a specific facility’s occupant population
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Deeper Levels of Occupant Engagement to Ensure Energy Savings and Productivity/Health Improvements
- 1. MARCEL HARMON, PhD, PE, LEED‐AP O+M senior associate applied anthropologist Deeper Levels of Occupant Engagement to Ensure Energy Savings & Productivity/Health Improvements Photo Rights: robertoerosalesblog.com
- 2. SYNOPSIS SETTING THE STAGE: Facility performance and occupant satisfaction, productivity and health often have significant room for improvement, with the latter having a greater financial impact than the former. Both are typically correlated with one another and are dependent largely on how well building design/operations is aligned with occupant needs. COST OF MISALIGNMENT: Examples of the cost of misalignment and why it occurs. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT: Overview of an alignment methodology, focusing on occupant engagement methods.
- 3. SETTING THE STAGE The Senate Hearing Got a Little Chilly http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2a1g9v_this‐senate‐hearing‐got‐a‐little‐chilly_news
- 4. 50% ‐ 80% The percentage of high performance buildings with actual energy consumption meeting/exceeding predicted consumption. Sources: Burman, E., D. Mumovic, and J. Kimpian. 2014. Towards measurement and verification of energy performance under the framework of the European directive for energy performance of buildings. Energy: 77(1):153–163. Carbon Trust. Closing the Gap – Lessons Learned on Realising the Potential of Low Carbon Building Design. Carbon Trust, London. Pegg, A. C., M. Kolokotroni. 2007. Post‐Occupancy Performance of Five Low‐Energy Schools in the UK . ASHRAE Transactions, 113 (Part 2). Turner, C. and M. Frankel. 2008. Energy Performance of LEED® for New Construction Buildings. Report Prepared by New Buildings Institute for the U.S. Green Building Council. SETTING THE STAGE
- 7. $300‐$600/sf: Average annual cost for personnel $20/sf: Average annual cost for facilities $2.50/sf: Average annual cost for energy Source: Hodges, C. P. IFMA’s How‐To Guide Highlight: Getting Started on the Path to Sustainable Facility Management. IFMA’s World Workplace 2010 Conference & Expo. http://feapc.com/wp‐ content/uploads/2012/09/IFMAs‐How‐To‐Guide‐Highlight‐Getting‐Started‐on‐the‐Path‐to‐ Sustainable‐Facility‐Management.pdf. SETTING THE STAGE
- 10. • Being cold is the # 1 complaint. • Personal space heaters used to gain control over space temperature. • Additional electrical load estimated at $14,000 ‐ $26,600 annually. Space Heater Conrad Duberstein U.S. Post Office & Courthouse, Brooklyn, NY COST OF MISALIGNMENT
- 14. New Mexico Elementary School Personal Control, Occupant Inertia & Ease of Blind Control Access COST OF MISALIGNMENT
- 15. COST OF MISALIGNMENT Solar tube dome Solar tube diffuser in classroom with dampers closed. All others in classroom were open. “One of my lights [Solar tubes] keep[s] rotating and that is a big distraction in the classroom.” System complexity misaligned with owner capabilities, resources & training
- 16. 16.0 36.1 45.4 35.5 31.8 32.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Design (energy model) Actual 2012‐ 2013 Average Building Target Finder 75 Rating Peer Group Baseline Low Peer Group Baseline High EUI COST OF MISALIGNMENT Actual compared to Design, Target Finder & Peer Group
- 17. View Access vs. No View Access • Up to 25% Good Quality Daylighting vs. No Daylighting • Up to 20%: math • Up to 26%: reading Reducing Background Noise • Up to 10% (memory; accuracy) Reducing Thermal Discomfort • Up to 10% IAQ Improvements • 5%+ Reduction in Sick Days Personal Environmental Control • 7.1% Lighting • 1.8% Ventilation • 1.2% Temperature Sources Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. (2003). Windows and offices: a study of student performance and the indoor environment. California Energy Commission: Sacramento, California. Heschong Mahone Group. 1999. Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Daylight and Human Performance. Report submitted to Pacific Gas and Electric. http://www.h‐m‐g.com. Sykes, D. M. (2004). Productivity: How Acoustics Affect Workers’ Performance In Offices & Open Areas. Retrieved February 1, 2009, from Office Sound Masking Solutions, by Speech Privacy Systems. www.speechprivacysystems.com/files/Productivity.pdf. Seppänen, O., W. J. Fisk, and Q. H. Lei. 2006. Effect of Temperature on Task Performance in Office Environment. Publication No. LBNL‐60946. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA. Wargocki, P. and O. Seppänen, editors. 2006. Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices, Guidebook No. 6. Rehva (Federation of European Heating and Air‐ Conditioning Associations), Brussels, Belgium. Illinois Healthy Schools Campaign, “Apparently Size Doesn’t Matter: Two Illinois School Districts Show Successful IAQ Management.” School Health Watch, Summer 2003. http://healthyschoolscampaign.org/news/newsletter/2003‐ summer_HSC‐newsletter.pdf. Also see: US Environmental Protection Agency. “IAQ Tools for Schools,” December 2000 (Second Edition). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/. Kats, G., L. Alevantis, A. Berman, E. Mills, and J. Perlman, 2003. The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Building: A Report to California’s Sustainable Building Task Force. COST OF MISALIGNMENT
- 18. Good Quality Daylighting vs. No Daylighting • 0%+ to 40% increase in sales Certified green buildings vs. conventional code‐compliant unrated office buildings • Building sale prices increase up to 30% • Rent price rates increase up to 25% • Occupancy rates increase up to 23% Plug Loads • Account for up to 50%+ electricity consumed Supply Chain • Up to 80% of a retailer’s carbon footprint Sources Heschong Mahone Group (1999). Skylighting and Retail Sales. An investigation into the relationship between daylight and human performance. Detailed Report for Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Fair Oaks , CA. http://h‐m‐ g.com/projects/daylighting/summaries%20on%20daylighting.htm. Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. (2003). Daylight and Retail Sales: Technical Report. California Energy Commission: Sacramento, California. http://h‐ m‐g.com/downloads/Daylighting/A‐5_Daylgt_Retail_2.3.7.pdf . Boyce, P. (2004). Reviews of Technical Reports on Daylight and Productivity. Lighting Research Center, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/BoyceHMGReview.pdf. World Green Building Council (2013). The Business Case for Green Building: A Review of the Costs and Benefits for Developers, Investors and Occupants. http://www.worldgbc.org/files/1513/6608/0674/Business_Case_For_Gree n_Building_Report_WEB_2013‐04‐11.pdf. NREL (2013). How‐To Guides for Plug and Process Load Reduction ‐ For Office. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/54175.pdf. NREL (2013). How‐To Guides for Plug and Process Load Reduction ‐ For Retail. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/54174.pdf. Ceres (2010). The 21st Century Corporation: The Ceres Roadmap to Sustainability. http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/ceres‐roadmap‐ to‐sustainability‐2010 COST OF MISALIGNMENT
- 20. EAM MODEL: For Building & Occupant Alignment Evaluate Background Data (HR & Building) Engage Bldg Population (Interview, Observe, & Survey) Facility Evaluation (Space Measurements & FTPs; O&M Engagement) Align Social (Behavior Nudging, Organization Policy Modifications) Physical (Facility, O&M Modifications) Monitor Metrics (Energy and Water; Survey Results; Productivity and Health) Evaluation Plan (Frequency; Records and Engagement) Address Issues © Copyright 2011 M.E. GROUP, Inc. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT
- 22. 14% 43% 16% 41% 6% 74% 9% 23% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Hot & Cold Variation Cool/Cold Warm/Hot Comfortable Hot & Cold Variation Cool/Cold Warm/Hot Comfortable Men's Responses Women's Responses Survey responses – percentage of each gender’s responses IMPROVING ALIGNMENT Conrad Duberstein U.S. Post Office & Courthouse, Brooklyn, NY Surveys provide part of the picture; in this case inequity
- 24. Context • Understanding the facility, O&M and occupants in their natural environment: • Go to the occupants and O&M • Observe daily activities where they normally occur • Interview occupants and O&M while they are working IMPROVING ALIGNMENT
- 25. Context • Discover details and intricacies of occupant behavior, O&M processes, and interactions among occupants/O&M and with the facility itself. • What people say they do and what they actually do are often two different things. • Helps to jog occupant and O&M memory. • Helps you embrace occupant perspective (and let go of your own). Image from Portigal Consulting Presentation, 2010. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT
- 26. Observations: Things to look for when conducting formal and impromptu observations – Physical work space details – Work flow, including intentions, tasks and sequences – Tools/equipment/supplies used – locations, commonly vs. rarely used, etc. – Validation or non‐validation of design elements IMPROVING ALIGNMENT
- 29. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT Technology Indoor Environment Quality Maintenance & IT IssuesMaintenance & IT Issues Improve/Maintain AestheticsImprove/Maintain Aesthetics Improve PlaygroundImprove Playground Organization Mission Technology Infrastructure Inadequacy Space Size & Flexibility Thermal DiscomfortThermal Discomfort Collaboration & Small GroupCollaboration & Small Group Poor Indoor Air QualityPoor Indoor Air Quality Lack of Temp ControlLack of Temp Control Glare or Brightness Problems Desire/ Appreciation for Operable Windows Desire/Appreciation for Daylighting Dislike Fluorescent Lighting Other Lighting Control Issues Audibility & Noise Issues & Desired Changes Plumbing Issues & Desired Changes Need Additional Restrooms Improving Athletic Fields/FacilitiesImproving Athletic Fields/Facilities Improving Traffic Flow & Parking Improving Traffic Flow & Parking Lack of StorageLack of Storage Class Size (# of Students)Class Size (# of Students) Wayfinding Problems Health ConcernsHealth Concerns Desire for Multi- Levels of Lighting Additional Training Needed More Communication Amongst Stakeholders More Communication Amongst Stakeholders Concern W/ Direction Being TakenConcern W/ Direction Being Taken Like Small School/ Community Feel Like Small School/ Community Feel Approval of Direction Being TakenApproval of Direction Being Taken Student Centered Technology Not Only Answer Safety & Security Concerns
- 31. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT MS. SMITH MR. BELL MS. BOCK MR. ROGERS MR. CLUTE MR. WALLAMS. WOO Make Feedback Contextually Relevant
- 32. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT Rank PEM Description Initial Capital Cost Annual Labor/ Service Cost Energy Savings Maintenance Savings Satisfaction, Productivity & Health Benefits Water Savings Time to Implement Disruption of Facilities Desire Among Key Stakeholders Payback 1 Resetting and Recalibrating Thermostat Temperature Setpoints ☺ ☺☺☺ 2 Evaluate Work Order Process ☺ ☺☺☺ 3 Develop Formal Plan for Storage and Disposal ☺ ☺☺ 4 Renew Maintenance Contract $$ $$ ☺☺ ☺☺☺ 5 Add (1) Maintenance Staff Position $$ $$ ☺ ☺☺☺ 6 Relocate Smart Boards $ ☺ ☺☺☺ 7 Training $ $ ☺☺ ☺ Missouri School District Performance Enhancement Measure (PEM) Matrix
- 33. EAM MODEL: For Building & Occupant Alignment Evaluate Background Data (HR & Building) Engage Bldg Population (Interview, Observe, & Survey) Facility Evaluation (Space Measurements & FTPs; O&M Engagement) Align Social (Behavior Nudging, Organization Policy Modifications) Physical (Facility, O&M Modifications) Monitor Metrics (Energy and Water; Survey Results; Productivity and Health) Evaluation Plan (Frequency; Records and Engagement) Address Issues © Copyright 2011 M.E. GROUP, Inc. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT
- 34. IMPROVING ALIGNMENT POE L1 POE L3 POE L2 • Brief occupant survey • Energy bill analysis • Field Interviews • Walk‐through • Ethnography + more extensive surveys • Diagnostic monitoring • Detailed economic analysis • Development of PEMs • Project development review • Implementation management • Focus groups/workshops • Post implementation verification
- 35. Questions?